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purposive behaviorism
Purposive behaviorism is a branch of psychology that was introduced by Edward Tolman. It combines the objective study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior.〔Schultz, D.P. & Schultz, S.E. (2012). ''A history of modern psychology.'' (10). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.〕 Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment.〔http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/tolman.htm〕 Tolman’s goal was to identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior.〔Eichenenbaum, H. (2001). The hippocampus and declarative memory: Cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. ''Behavioural Brain Research 127(1)'', 199-207.〕 His theories on learning went against the traditionally accepted stimulus-response connections (see classical conditioning) at this time that were proposed by other psychologists such as Edward Thorndike. Tolman disagreed with Watson’s behaviorism, so he initiated his own behaviorism, which became known as purposive behaviorism.
Tolman's purposive behaviorism focused on meaningful behavior, or molar behavior, such as kicking a ball. This focus was in contrast to simple muscle movements aka molecular behavior such as flexing of the leg muscle. Tolman regarded the molecular behavior as fairly removed from human perceptual capacities for a meaningful analysis of behavior. This approach of Tolman’s was first introduced in his book, ''Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men'', published in 1932.〔Schultz, D.P. & Schultz, S.E. (2012). ''A history of modern psychology.'' (10). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.〕 To Tolman, it was obvious that all actions of behavior are goal-oriented, including those for animals.〔Schultz, D.P. & Schultz, S.E. (2012). ''A history of modern psychology.'' (10). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.〕 The main difference between behaviorism and Tolman's purposive behaviorism is that behavior is goal oriented.
== Tolman's cognitive maps, 1948 ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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